Rolling Friction Examples

Rolling Friction Examples Rolling Friction Most people are familiar with the concept of friction and the heat generated from rubbing their hands together, for example. But many people-including automobile drivers-don't remain aware of rolling friction. This is the term that explains the resistance created by an object moving across a surface in contact with it. Other names for it, which include rolling drag and rolling resistance, all attempt to explain the phenomenon that causes our car tires to wear out, our sleds to melt snow, and more. Examples of Rolling Friction: 1. Winter Fun There are a variety of ways that rolling friction has an impact on winter activities. For everything from recreational events like skiing and sledding to elite-caliber sports like Olympic bobsledding, curling, figure skating, speed skating, and hockey, rolling friction plays an important part in the outcome. As the object-the sled, the skates, the rock, or anything else-moves, friction heats the surface of the object that comes in contact with the snow or ice. The snow or ice is actually momentarily melted and then refrozen as the object moves across its surface. This factor is significant enough that it must be taken into account when planning a competition strategy, but can also just impact a person's enjoyment of the great outdoors during the winter months. 2. Vehicles A lot of factors will impact the amount of rolling friction that occurs with a moving vehicle. The size, weight, shape, and surface area of the wheels will all play a part, as well as the surface and the path the road or track takes. An eighteen-wheeler carrying a heavy load will have greater rolling friction than a compact car, for example, and a train going around a curved track will have greater rolling friction than a train that is traveling on a straight track. 3. Toys Skateboards, roller skates, and in-line skates all experience rolling friction when they're in use, but the degrees of friction they experience are different due to their size, shape, wheel alignment, and weight distribution. A skateboard supports the body weight of its human rider on four wheels instead of rollers skates' eight wheels, so it will experience greater rolling friction and come to a stop sooner than if its rider-the same person-was moving on roller skates. Roller skates will experience greater rolling friction than in-line skates, though, due to the wheel placement and the fact that the roller skates have a greater surface are coming in contact with the road. 4. More Toys When playing any sport that involves a ball-like a soccer ball, baseball, or bowling ball, for example-rolling friction is a determining factor that must be taken into consideration when plotting the next move. Soccer players have to account for factors like rain water or dew on the playing field, which will decrease the amount of rolling friction as they kick the ball to other players, whereas bowlers have to account for grease and other grimy content coating the bowling ball or the lane when they throw.

The Prospect And Challenges Of Cyber Security Insurance

2.0 Introduction This chapter presents the prospect and challenges of cyber security insurance among It practitioners in the United Kingdom based on the literature that had been reviewed in the process of writing this paper. This chapter will draw upon results of earlier studies and reports to provide a theoretical framework to answer the research questions of the paper. 2.1. Cyber security and its importance to the modern lives In line with technological advances and the evolution of the internet, more and more transactions are conducted online. This brings convenience to businesses, financial institutions as well as their customers. However, this reliance towards online transactions has brought cyber risks such as fraud, identity thefts as well as cyber attacks. Biener, Eling Warfs (2015) defined cyber risk as a multitude of risks from different sources that affect the information and technology assets of a firm. Cyber attacks and cyber risks are well documented in many articles such as Kim-Kwang (2011) Kolodzinski (2002), which reported on cyber threats faced by businesses ; as well as Seigel,Sagalow Serritella (2002) which reported that businesses reported losses up to millions of dollars, as well as the breakdown of Internet Service providers, which immobilised billons of internet users all around the world . McGregor (2014) reported that cyber criminals, or hackers had infiltrated many notable e-commerce sites such as Ebay and Target. Such attacks did notShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And Cyber Threats Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pageshas been confronting issues of cyber-attacks to such an extent that majority of the patients feel every moment that they are at great risk and thus their treatment processes suffer a lot.(Hacking Healthcare IT in 2016) The small sized clinics do not have many resources to enhance their information security systems. Even the large sized enterprises are vulnerable to the cyber threats. The White House had declared that it would increase opportunities to tackle the cyber threats in every sphere, but theRead MoreThe Impact Of New Social Media Technology On Young People1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdevices have contributed to the popularity of gaming and the growth of the gaming industry. Young people in current generation are taken with technology which has significant impact on them. For example video games, face book, crime, Xbox, snaps chat, cyb er bullying, drugs addict, internet and computers http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/apr/03/children-addicted-violent-games-warn-teacher Advantages of social media technology Social media network sites bring people together and connected. AccordingRead MoreFdi : Integrating India With The World Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesFDI – Integrating India with the World Involving a plethora of investor classes, foreign investment can take multiple forms. 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Electronic Banking Profitability and Efficiency 6 2.5.4. Bank Customers Relationship 2.5.5. Operations of Financial Institution CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Population ofRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 Pagesadvancement, political stability, religious causes, the campaign against terrorism, or for personal greed and interests. Violations of these rights have created new problems in human social systems, such as the digital divide, cybercrime, digital security and privacy concerns, all of which have affected people’s lives either directly or indirectly. 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Starting with the presidency of Jomo Kenyatta, the nation prospered -- experiencing economic growth of at least 5% for over a decade (Barkan, 2004). The civil service was highly regarded, well paid, and the prospect of corruption was hardly visible. Unfortunately, the presidential succession by Daniel Arap Moi did not account for the same positive conditions. After Moi took power in 1978, many governmental entities languished, due to his repressive regime. By

Health Inequality Within Communities - 2585 Words

Introduction Public health as it is implicated in the lives of the community – it is important to conceptualise what this might mean. Moreover, public health has seen as a multidiscipline perspective in which it can be defined on many levels, and I find that it could be elusive to understand its meaning. By simple understanding of public health, I refer to an approach derived by Winslow (1920) and Baggott (2000). In some way, public health is seen as a modern philosophical and ideological perspective based on ‘equity’ and aimed to determine inequitable in society. It seen as a ‘science’ and ‘art’ in the sense that it deals with the cause of disease, treatment of illness as well as it involves laboratory experiments, intervention and†¦show more content†¦Also, archaeology evidence shows that in Egyptian and Incas was recognised the essential of urban planning, sanitation improvement and also they involved in promoting ‘the value good diet and hygiene among their people’ (Inglis, 1965). Romans were reflected on environment improvement such as sanitation and designing clean water supply. However, the scheme was not benefited poor community and this led the outbreak of epidemic such as smallpox and plague across the Europe. It was not treated until the work of Edward Jennert who discovered the cowpox vaccination for protection against smallpox. In the 19th century public health administration was transformed and a Board of Health in the big city such as Manchester was created in the 1796. Also, the work of John Howard plays a crucial role in understanding the transformation of public health within prison institute. The prison reform movement was emerged and campaigners began to examine the cause of disease such as Typhus in jails and identified possible means of preventing illness through improving hygiene, ventilation and sanitation as well as segregation of sick and health prisoners (Baggott, 2000, p. 16). 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Particularly, this paper will focus on the National Tobacco Campaign and how these principles are incorporated in the program and their success in addressing the healthRead MoreHealthcare Inequality in the United Kingdom1849 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Inequality and the UK Poor The United Kingdom is one of the most technologically advanced and financially able countries in the European Union and the world. According to economic scale, the UK has the sixth largest economy (by GDP) in the world and the third ranked economy in the European Union (behind only Germany and France). However, the united kingdom has some of the largest healthcare inequalities in all of the EU. A recent study by the House of Commons Health Committee (2009)Read MoreThe Social Problems in Communities 1624 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems may also be referred to social ills or issues. People from diverse communities may perceive social problems differently and have varied solutions to these issues (Stark, 2007). 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Abbeyview is a small area in the east of Dunfermline which in previous yearsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Fence Line : A Company Town Divided943 Words   |  4 PagesCase studies allow for in-depth explorations of nuanced topics in real situations. They are especially useful in obtaining insight on specific issues or situations in their natural environment. Specifically, in critical health studies we are able take different models and theori es and apply them to real situations to better understand the nuances behind them. In case studies, critical reflections are a necessary tool. Critically reflecting on an issue or topic allows for the heart of the issue toRead MoreThe Common Health Inequalities Of New Zealand Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pagesand privilege to live and be treated fairly in every aspect of human life. Health in humans is the ability of each individual or communities to adapt and cope to challenges in relation to social, physical, or mental aspects. 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The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) recognises that healthRead MoreThe Model Of Reflection ( 1988 )1665 Words   |  7 Pagesand remote communities tend to experience poorer health outcomes than those in the metropolitan area (Humphreys Walkerman, 2008). The fact that the high proportion of Indigenous Australians, which increases with remoteness, reflects the lag in Indigenous health outcomes (H umphreys Walkerman, 2008). Feelings I believe that everyone should have equal access to all health services they require, no matter their cultural background, or where they live. When thinking about the poor health outcomes due

Humor And Science Fiction By Kurt Vonnegut - 1298 Words

Kurt Vonnegut was a very popular American writer. He wrote novels and short-stories filled with humor and science-fiction. His writing has become so iconic mainly due to his rule breaking literary innovation and the serious moral vision and cutting social commentary incorporated in his writing. One of the most recurring themes discussed by Vonnegut in his work is individuality. He constantly highlights the importance of individuality in an ironic way; by displaying the negative repercussions of an extreme social equality. In this paper I will analyze the topic of individuality in some of Vonnegut’s acclaimed short stories. The first story is â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, which is probably the most famous of his stories regarding individuality. In the story, the government suppresses all creativity and talent by using handicapping materials. The citizens are forced to wear either a headset that prevent them from thinking too long with a constant high-pitched noise for the smarter people, or metal shrapnel to disabilitate those who are strong,or masks to hide particularly attractive people. This makes the entire society equal, no one stronger, smarter, or prettier than the other. This government interference limits the power of the individual. The government does this with the good intention of protecting the self-esteem of less talented, intelligent, or attractive people so that the will not be threatened or hurt by those who exceed them. However, upon achieving this maximumShow MoreRelatedEssay about Slaughterhouse-Five: A Peace Novel1419 Words   |  6 Pages Many of these examples tend to reflec t feelings against war. Kurt Vonnegut is no different and his experience with war inspired him to write a series of novels starting with Slaughter-House Five. It is a unique novel expressing Vonneguts feelings about war. These strong feeling can be seen in the similarities between characters, information about the Tralfamadorians, dark humor, and the structure of the novel. Kurt Vonnegut is an American novelist from Indianapolis, Indiana, born in 1922Read MoreKurt Vonnegut : A Hybrid Of Science Fiction And Satire1716 Words   |  7 PagesLeanne Arata English 11 Mrs. Wheeler 5/8/2016 Kurt Vonnegut The idea of making a work that does not fit into a single category of work is how Kurt Vonnegut has become such a phenomenon. Kurt Vonnegut has a hybrid writing style which allows him to critique human nature and this is evident in his work. A hybrid writer is someone who makes something by combining two different genres to create something new. Vonnegut’s work is a hybrid of science fiction and satire. Satire is an author’s way of sayingRead MoreStyle Analysis of Kurt Vonnegut on Slaughterhouse Five1623 Words   |  7 Pagesbrilliant piece of literature. One example, for instance, is Kurt Vonnegut who may have been stimulated by the war, thus writing Slaughterhouse Ââ€" Five. Though one may categorize this piece as science fiction or even auto - biographical, it can also be interpreted as an anti Ââ€" war piece. Because Vonnegut is classified as a post modernist, one can take into account all the details, such as the similarities between the main character and Vonnegut, the Tralfamadorians, and the style and themes of the novelRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1634 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Vonnegut once said, â€Å"So it goes† to describe the unavoidableness of fate. This aspect of seeing terrible things and being able to continue on would become a main theme in his novels. Vonnegut, as an author, received his essential voice by writing about his own experiences, using what would become his signature pessimistic yet humanist view. Vonnegut is described by Lindsay Clark as, â€Å"Worse than a pessimist†¦ he is an eternal optimist doomed to disappointment† (Clark, â€Å"Viewing Four Vonnegut NovelsRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Tragic Path to Success1128 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Vonnegut, was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana, to American-German parents Kurt Vonnegut (Sr.), and Edith Vonnegut. Vonnegut had an older brother, Bernard and an older sister, Alice. Vonnegut graduated f rom Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1940 and went to Cornell University later that fall. Though he majored in chemistry, he was Assistant Managing Editor and Associate Editor of the Cornell newspaper. While at Cornell, Vonnegut enlisted in the United States Army. 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To portray this effectively, Vonnegut presents the story in two dimensions: historical and science-fiction. The irrationality of war is emphasized in each dimension by contrasts in its comic and tragic elements. The historical seriousnessRead MoreKurt Vonnegut : The Concept Of Postmodernism1598 Words   |  7 Pages he endeavored to associate a theory to the shifting concept of postmodernism; to synopsize different events, experiences, and phenomena in history through a universal appeal to truth. While his supposition, through equation with the poems of Kurt Vonnegut, Charles Olsen, or John Cage - does indeed seem to hold validity; to define postmodernism remains difficult. To define this era would be to violate the premise of the postmodernist that no absolute or definite terms, b oundaries, or truths existRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Cats Cradle 875 Words   |  4 PagesCats Cradle is surfaced around science fiction, religion, and society while keeping a steady sense of humor. 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Is Taxation is Theft Essay - 1037 Words

Taxation, the government acquisition of property from the individual has mixed support in any Western democratic system. To make its way into the good will of the majority, taxation has surrounded itself with doctrines of justification. No law which lacks public approval or acquiescence is enforceable, and to gain such support it must address itself to our sense of correctness. This is particularly necessary for statutes authorizing the taking of private property. Sometimes depicted as ‘theft’ by those who are subject to taxation, the accusation is commonly based on the sentiment what do I get from it? However, one chooses to live in a democratic welfare state and to take up the services society has to offer the individual; the argument†¦show more content†¦The relationship between the individual and the state is reciprocally beneficial. Through democratic participation, the social contract is two-way; the individual receives a multitude of supports from governm ent and pays taxes in return. As the democratic ‘contract’ is made in representation of the individual, it is a mutually agreed transaction of services, and therefore, not theft. In exchange for taxes, the individual receives medical and welfare support when required, infrastructure, protection at a personal and national level, as well as utilities such as water, electricity, garbage disposal et cetera. Liberals have two lines of argument against those who reject the idea of the social contract. The first is that if they reject it, they should not consume the governments goods and services. How they can avoid this when the very currency that the economy is based upon is printed by the government is a good question. Participating in the economy without using public roads, publicly funded communication infrastructure, publicly educated employees, publicly funded electricity, water, gas, and other utilities, publicly funded information, technology, research and development, is essentially impossible. The only way to avoid public goods and services is to move out of the country entirely, or at least become such a hermit, living off the fruits of your own labour, that you reduce your consumption of public goods and services to aShow MoreRelatedThe Government Must Pay For A Civilized Society1279 Words   |  6 Pagesto those that come in contact. However, voluntaryism is the solution tha t grants people the freedom to be generous rather than the mandatory taking of money for a seemingly failing cause. Possibly one of the most absurd claims to be made is that taxation is the price that one must pay for a civilized society. The Fraser Institute stated, More taxes buy more government; not a more civilized society. (Milke) As previously established, our tax money is wasted on failing programs that could be transferredRead MoreThe Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana1459 Words   |  6 Pagesfor legalization, because will have many benefits like financial, quality and a decrease in violence associated with marijuana. With the legalization of marijuana are going to have some financial benefits from the elimination of black market, the taxation of marijuana and we will have an increase in industry around marijuana. With the legalization the black market from marijuana which is very bad for the economy will be limited because the drug users will buy marijuana from places controlled by theRead MoreNozicks Argument Against Redistributive Taxation1621 Words   |  7 Pagescontracts and protection of individuals, etc. Any more intervention from the State, according to Nozick, is a violation of right against the people. The purpose of this essay is to examine Nozick’s argument against redistributive taxation to prove that eliminating taxation means getting rid of public education. I will argue that the right of education is embedded as one of the services that is essential to the development of society and that without the funding for it, it will cease to exist. UsingRead MoreThe Is The Most Mora l System Of Political Organization1608 Words   |  7 Pageschairman and CEO of the Mises Institute, wrote in his article â€Å"Why I am an Anarcho-Capitalist†, â€Å"The state encourages the public to believe there are two sets of moral rules: one set that we learn as children, involving the abstention from violence and theft, and another set that applies only to government, which alone may aggress against peaceful individuals in all kinds of ways.† And this is the crux of any and all States, whether they be more capitalist than Hong Kong or more socialist than North KoreaRead MoreScript Of Tai Vi à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¾ T / Ä‚ N Anh Ng à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ®1238 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. government in 2015, which translates into a huge 30% of their earnings. This daunting number is yet one of the only reasons world citizens associate taxation with fear, frustration, and in a lot of cases, injustice. However, while taxation has remained a contentious issue throughout the huma n chronology, it certainly is not a form of theft or tyranny as accused by many. In fact, tax is immensely crucial to the maintenance of social security and growth, which makes it essential to understandRead MoreIdentity Theft As An Offence1200 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity Theft as an offence: Model criminal law officers’ committee formulated a report on identity crime. Using the term identity crime, they included all the commencements which relate to identity theft and identity fraud. The committee recommended the creation of the following crime model offences: 1. Dealing in identification of information 2. The holding of identification information with the intent of committing, or facilitating the directive of, an indictable offence. 3. Possession of equipmentRead MoreWhere Is My Tax Gonig?1825 Words   |  8 PagesWHERE IS MY TAX GONIG Now-a-days, taxes are on everyone s mind almost 24-7 since they influence our daily lives. People don’t know much more about the taxation, like how taxation plays an important role in development or why taxation is necessary. But with all these things we must to know where our tax is going, is it using for the development and management or somewhere else. We must aware about our rights and through Right to Information act, we can access every information of our tax systemRead MoreEssay about Politics and Money886 Words   |  4 Pages(55%) went to spending completely unrelated to either defense or terrorist attacks. Most of the spending represents government taking the earnings of one American and giving it to another American. Such acts are little more than legalized theft. How did legalized theft become so acceptable for it is not part of our history? Lets look at some of that history. In 1794, James Madison, the acknowledged father of our Constitution, wrote disapprovingly of a $15,000 appropriation for French refugees sayingRead MoreSlavery Is A Big Factor Of Our Nation Becoming As Powerful1444 Words   |  6 Pagesand 1900’s, and why it was such a bad thing to do. slavery continued to influence American history, from the tumultuous years of reconstruction from 1865-1877 to the civil rights movement that emergedâ€Å"Slavery is theft -- theft of a life, theft of work, theft of any property or produce, theft even of the children a slave might have borne.† - KEVIN BALES, Understanding Global Slavery Slavery is defined as a state of being a slave and a slave is defined as a person who is the legal property of anotherRead MoreOil Wealth s Relation With Authoritarianism863 Words   |  4 Pageswealth is lost in theft,corruption,embezzlement. According to a 2010 survey, countries which have little oil wealth, there is some information regarding finances spent as opposed to those who are â€Å"oil rich†, where financial information is opaque. Oil wealth has also enabled the autocrats to fund the police force and keep them on their side.Oman and Saudi Arabian police were able to suppress the public, who took to the streets in 2011. There are many social policies and low taxation also implemented

Foster Care An Important Service For Dependent Children

Foster care is an important service to provide stability for dependent children. How has the service changed? Are children better served today? Foster care has undergone many changes throughout its history in the United States. Foster care’s first form was in the early 1800’s by the New York Children’s Aid Society’s orphan trains that aimed to get children out of institutions and off the streets (Crosson-Tower, 2013). These were poorly managed however. Families were not assessed by the agency and the children were not kept in touch with after they were â€Å"placed-out† (Crosson-Tower, 2013). While some children had good experiences, obviously some may have had horrible experiences. Support for foster care strengthened in the 1890’s, and†¦show more content†¦However, there still are things to consider before placing a child into kinship care. I would first assess if the relatives can provide the basic needs for the child, such as foo d, a bed, and adequate shelter. Then, I would assess the relationship between the child and relatives, as well as the relatives’ emotional well-being. I would also make sure our goals are in line with that family’s beliefs and practices. After gathering all this information, I would decide if it was in the best interest of the child to be placed in their home. I would be looking at the relative’s children (if they exist) to see if they are well-adjusted and taken care of. Their attitude towards working with the child would also be important to me when making my decision. While I would prefer placing the child with family, I wouldn’t hesitate to place them somewhere else if I truly believed that another home would better fit the foster child’s needs. After all, they are my priority. I would also be willing to work with the kinship family to help them meet the necessary standards in order for the child to be placed with them. Should foster parents be of the same racial or cultural backgrounds as their foster children? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this arrangement? In my opinion, I think it is best practice to place children with families that are the same as a child’s racial and cultural background. However, I also think that this isn’t theShow MoreRelatedChild Welfare Services Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pageschose to research about is Child Welfare Services. This topic has a variety of different regulations and forms that makes this program run. Child Welfare Services have been around for quite some time and has been helping out as much as they are allowed to. This program has a time line of many important events that all build up the Child Welfare program. 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Dark Ages in Europe free essay sample

Dark Ages is the term that was formerly used to describe the decline of Roman culture and the turmoil in Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Modern historians avoid the term with its implication that only Roman values were civilised values. Many Germanic peoples traveled through Italy, Germany, France, Spain and North Africa, settling wherever they could. Many groups formed their own kingdoms. The label employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the darkness of the period with earlier and later periods of light. Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages (ca. 5th 15th C. ) as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards. This definition is still found in popular usage, but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. Since the 20th century, it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the era, the Early Middle Ages (ca. 5th 9th C. ). However, many modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages. The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature. Petrarch regarded the post-Roman centuries as dark compared to the light of classical antiquity. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages (ca. 11th 13th C.), including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope. The idea of a Dark Age originated with Petrarch in the 1330s. Writing of those who had come before him, he said: Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius; no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom. Christian writers, including Petrarch himself, had long used traditional metaphors of light versus darkness to describe good versus evil. Petrarch was the first to co-opt the metaphor and give it secular meaning by reversing its application. Classical Antiquity, so long considered the dark age for its lack of Christianity, was now seen by Petrarch as the age of light because of its cultural achievements, while Petrarchs time, allegedly lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness. As an Italian, Petrarch saw the Roman Empire and the classical period as expressions of Italian greatness. He spent much of his time travelling through Europe rediscovering and republishing classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the classical Latin language to its former purity. Humanists saw the preceding 900-year period as a time of stagnation. They saw history unfolding, not along the religious outline of Saint Augustines Six Ages of the World, but in cultural (or secular) terms through the progressive developments of classical ideals, literature, and art. During the Protestant Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants wrote of the Middle Ages as a period of Catholic corruption. Just as Petrarchs writing was not an attack on Christianity per se -– along with his humanism, he was deeply occupied with the search for God –- neither was this an attack on Christianity: it was a drive to restore what Protestants saw as biblical Christianity. The Magdeburg Centuries was a celebrated work of ecclesiastical history compiled by Lutheran scholars and published between 1559 and 1574. Devoting a volume to each century, it covered the first thirteen centuries of Christianity up to 1298. The work was virulently anti-Catholic. Identifying the Pope as the Antichrist, it painted a dark picture of church history after the fifth century, characterizing it as increments of errors and their corrupting influences In response to the Protestants, Roman Catholics developed a counter-image, depicting the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not dark at all. The most important Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Baronius was a trained historian who kept theology in the background and produced a work that the Encyclop? dia Britannica in 1911 described as far surpassing anything before his day† and that Acton regarded as the greatest history of the Church ever writtenâ€Å". The Annales, covering the first twelve centuries of Christianity up to 1198, was published in twelve volumes between 1588 and 1607. It was in Volume X that Baronius coined the term dark age for the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888 and the first inklings of the Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046: The new age (saeculum) which was beginning, for its harshness and barrenness of good could well be called iron, for its baseness and abounding evil leaden, and moreover for its lack of writers (inopia scriptorum) dark (obscurum). Significantly, Baronius termed the age dark because of the paucity of written records capable of throwing light on it for the historian. While some historians, following Baroniuss lead, used dark age neutrally to refer to a dearth of written records, others, in the manner of the early humanists and Protestants (and later the Enlightenment writers and their successors right up to the present day) used it pejoratively, lapsing into that lack of neutrality and objectivity that has quite spoilt the term for many modern historians. The first British historian to use the term was most likely Gilbert Burnet, in the form darker ages, which appears several times in his work in the last quarter of the 17th century. His earliest use of it seems to have been in 1679 in the Epistle Dedicatory to Volume I of The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, where he writes: The design of the reformation was to restore Christianity to what it was at first, and to purge it of those corruptions, with which it was overrun in the later and darker ages. † He uses it again in 1682 in Volume II of the History, where he dismisses the story of St Georges fighting with the dragon as a legend formed in the darker ages to support the humour of chivalryâ€Å". Burnet was a Protestant bishop chronicling how England became Protestant and his use of the term is invariably pejorative During the 17th and 18th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment, many critical thinkers saw religion as antithetical to reason. For them the Middle Ages, or Age of Faith, was therefore the polar opposite of the Age of Reason. Kant and Voltaire, among others, were vocal in attacking the religiously dominated Middle Ages as a period of social regress, while Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire expressed contempt for the rubbish of the Dark Ages. The earliest entry for a capitalised Dark Ages in the Oxford English Dictionary is a reference in Henry Thomas Buckles History of Civilization in England in 1857. Starting and ending dates varied: the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or to extend through the rest of the 1st millennium. ROMANTICISM In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics and launched a vogue for medievalism. The word Gothic had been a term of opprobrium akin to Vandal until a few self-confident mid-18th-century English Goths like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts. This sparked off an interest in the Middle Ages, which for the following Romantic generation began to take on an idyllic image of the Age of Faith. This image, in reaction to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism in which reason trumped emotion, expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry. Middle Ages were seen with romantic nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, most of all, to the environmental and social upheavals and sterile utilitarianism of the emerging industrial revolution. When the term Dark Ages is used by historians today, therefore, it is intended to be neutral, namely, to express the idea that the events of the period often seem dark to us because of the paucity of historical records compared with both earlier and later times. However, from the mid-20th century onwards, other historians became critical of even this nonjudgmental use of the term for two main reasons. First, it is questionable whether it is possible to use the term Dark Ages effectively in a neutral way; scholars may intend this, but it does not mean that ordinary readers will so understand it. Second, the explosion of new knowledge and insight into the history and culture of the Early Middle Ages, which 20th-century scholarship has achieved,[means that these centuries are no longer dark even in the sense of unknown to us. To avoid the value judgment implied by the expression, many historians avoid it altogether.